命名实体识别技术综述

命名实体识别是自然语言处理中的热点研究方向之一,目的是识别文本中的命名实体并将其归纳到相应的实体类型中。首先阐述了命名实体识别任务的定义、目标和意义,分析提出了命名实体识别的主要难点在于领域命名实体识别局限性、命名实体表述多样性和歧义性、命名实体的复杂性和开放性;然后介绍了命名实体识别研究的发展进程,从最初的规则和字典方法到传统的统计学习方法再到现在的深度学习方法,不断地将新技术应用到命名实体识别研究中以提高性能;接着系统梳理了当下命名实体识别任务中的若干热门研究点,分别是匮乏资源下的命名实体识别、细粒度命名实体识别、嵌套命名实体识别以及命名实体链接;最后针对评判命名实体识别模型的好坏,总结了常用的若干数据集和实验测评指标,并给出了未来的研究建议。     

面向任务口语理解研究现状综述

口语理解是对话系统重要的功能模块，语义槽填充和意图识别是面向任务口语理解的两个关键子任务。近年来，联合识别方法已经成为解决口语理解中语义槽填充和意图识别任务的主流方法，介绍两个任务由独立建模到联合建模的方法，重点介绍基于深度神经网络的语义槽填充和意图识别联合建模方法，并总结了目前存在的问题以及未来的发展趋势。     

结合深度学习与支持向量机的金属零件识别

目的 在视觉引导的工业机器人自动拾取研究中，关键技术难点之一是机器人抓取目标区域的识别问题。特别是金属零件，其表面的反光、随意摆放时相互遮挡等非结构化因素都给抓取区域的识别带来巨大的挑战。因此，本文提出一种结合深度学习和支持向量机的抓取区域识别方法。方法 分别提取抓取区域的方向梯度直方图（HOG）和局部二进制模式（LBP）特征，利用主成分分析法（PCA）对融合后的特征进行降维，以此来训练支持向量机（SVM）分类器。通过训练Mask R-CNN（regions with convolutional neural network）神经网络完成抓取区域的初步分割。然后利用SVM对Mask R-CNN识别的抓取区域进行二次分类，完成对干扰区域的剔除。最后计算掩码完成实例分割，以此达到对抓取区域的精确识别。结果 对于随机摆放的铜质金属零件，本文算法与单一的Mask R-CNN及多特征融合的SVM算法就识别准确率、错检率、漏检率3个指标进行了比较，结果表明本文算法在识别准确率上较Mask R-CNN和SVM算法分别提高了7%和25%，同时有效降低了错检率与漏检率。结论 本文算法结合了Mask R-CNN与SVM两种方法，对于反光和遮挡情况具有一定的鲁棒性，同时有效地提升了目标识别的准确率。     

Hybrid Segmentation Scheme for Skin Features Extraction Using Dermoscopy Images

Objective and quantitative assessment of skin conditions is essential for cosmeceutical studies and research on skin aging and skin regeneration. Various handcraft-based image processing methods have been proposed to evaluate skin conditions objectively, but they have unavoidable disadvantages when used to analyze skin features accurately. This study proposes a hybrid segmentation scheme consisting of Deeplab v3+ with an Inception-ResNet-v2 backbone, LightGBM, and morphological processing (MP) to overcome the shortcomings of handcraft-based approaches. First, we apply Deeplab v3+ with an Inception-ResNet-v2 backbone for pixel segmentation of skin wrinkles and cells. Then, LightGBM and MP are used to enhance the pixel segmentation quality. Finally, we determine several skin features based on the results of wrinkle and cell segmentation. Our proposed segmentation scheme achieved a mean accuracy of 0.854, mean of intersection over union of 0.749, and mean boundary F1 score of 0.852, which achieved 1.1%, 6.7%, and 14.8% improvement over the panoptic-based semantic segmentation method, respectively.     

Enthalpy- versus Entropy-Driven Molecular Recognition in the Era of Biologics

Our laboratory has recently identified two nanobodies (small antibodies produced by camelids)—Nb1 and Nb6—that bind efficiently to epithelial growth factor (EGF) and inhibit its ability to activate its receptor (EGFR). Because of the relevance of the EGF/EGFR axis as a target in oncology, these new nanobodies have promising therapeutic potential. This article, however, is focused on another feature of these nanobodies: their distinct thermodynamic signatures. Nb1 binds to EGF through an entropy-driven mechanism whereas Nb6 binds to this factor under enthalpic control. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each mechanism in the contexts of traditional medical chemistry (small-molecule drugs) and also of biological drugs. In this latter case, the implications in terms of selectivity are far from being clearly established and further experimental data are required. Their monomeric natures, high stability, and ease of recombinant production make nanobodies ideally suited for thermodynamic studies. Moreover, nanobodies, thanks to their simpler structures in comparison with conventional antibodies, might provide better understanding of the structural basis of the thermodynamic parameters of antigen recognition.     

Selective nonanal molecular recognition with SnO2 nanosheets for lung cancer sensor

SnO₂ nanosheets were developed to detect nonanal gas in the order of ppb which was a marker of lung cancer. The nanosheets showed higher resistance change in nonanal gas than that in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), acetone (CH₃COCH₃), hydrogen (H₂), ethanol (C₂H₆O), ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO), or butanal (C₄H₈O). Crystal surfaces of the nanosheets would be effective for adsorption of nonanal molecules. Furthermore, it was shown that resistance changed with an increase in carbon number in aldehyde. The nanosheets had molecular selectivity for a series of aldehyde molecules. Molecular recognition of the nanosheets gave us a great advantage to detect nonanal gas which was produced by lung cancer.     

基于人体关节点数据的攻击性行为识别

针对人体攻击性行为识别问题，提出一种基于人体关节点数据的攻击性行为识别方法。首先，利用OpenPose获得单帧图像中的人体关节点数据，并通过最近邻帧特征加权法和分段多项式回归完成由人体自遮挡和环境因素所导致缺失值的补全；然后，对每个人体定义动态"安全距离"阈值，如果两人真实距离小于阈值，则构建行为特征矢量，其中包括帧间人体重心位移、人体关节旋转角角速度和发生交互时的最小攻击距离等；最后，提出改进的LightGBM算法w-LightGBM，并对攻击性行为进行识别。采用公共数据集UT-interaction对所提出的攻击性行为分类识别方法进行测试实验，准确率达到95.45%。实验结果表明，所提方法能够有效识别各种角度的攻击性行为。     

Emotion recognition at the edge with AI specific low power architectures

Nowadays Deep Learning is applied in almost every research field and helps getting amazing results in a great number of challenging tasks. The main problem is that this kind of learning and consequently Neural Networks that can be defined deep, are resource intensive. They need specialized hardware to perform computation in a reasonable time. Many tasks are mandatory to be as much real-time as possible . It is needed to optimize many components such as code, algorithms, numeric accuracy and hardware, to make them “efficient and usable”. All these optimizations can help us to produce incredibly accurate and fast learning models. The paper reports a study in this direction for the challenging face detection and emotion recognition tasks.